MONITORING ŚRODOWISKA PRZYRODNICZEGO

Natural Environment Monitoring

13

KONCEPCJE

Henryk Marszałek, Michał Rysiukiewicz

THE CONCEPT OF WATER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION IN THE KARKONOSZE NATIONAL PARK
[KONCEPCJA OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA WODNEGO W OBSZARZE KARKONOSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO]

Summary

Water belonges to the most important elements of the natural environment of Karkonosze Mts., forming a number of natural processes and representing resource useful for supplying the local population with drinking water. Therefore it should be protected and monitored continuously. The paper presents the concept of water environment protection in the Karkonosze National Park (KPN), including a proposal for monitoring the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater in both, the whole area of the Karkonosze Mts. and selected three representative catchments: Kamieńczyk, Wrzosówka and Łomnica rivers. It has been proposed the scheme of monitoring network arrangement with the range and frequency of water as well.

WYNIKI

Krzysztof Chudy, Magdalena Bajor, Aneta Chudy

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SURFACEWATER IN UPPER PART OF LESK STREAM
[SKŁAD CHEMICZNY WÓD POWIERZCHNIOWYCH W ŹRÓDŁOWEJ CZĘŚCI POTOKU LESK]

Summary

In 1990, Polish coal mining was restructured due to change in geological law, resulting in the closure of the Lower Silesia Coal Region. After closure, the mines were flooded. This process caused changes in the ground water and surface water environment. The aim of this article is to evaluate surface water quality parameters The research area is located in the upper part of the Lesk Stream catchment area and in the Czerwony Stream catchment area (Wałbrzych part of Lower Silesia Coal Region). This area has been subjected to environmental stress from mining from the middle ages to the 1990s


Anna Degórska, Tomasz Śnieżek

PARTICULATE MATTER COMPOSITION AT PUSZCZA BORECKA STATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL EMISSION SOURCES INFLUENCE
[SKŁAD PYŁU ZAWIESZONEGO NA STACJI PUSZCZA BORECKA Z UWZGLĘDNIENIEM ODDZIAŁYWANIA ANTROPOGENICZNYCH I NATURALNYCH ŹRÓDEŁ EMISJI]

Summary

Particulate matter content is formed both by anthropogenic and natural sources. Important role plays not only primary emission but also precursors emission (especially for fine fraction). The article describes PM emission sources as well as spatial variability of primary emission and precursors emission in European Union. Chemical analysis was conducted for fine particles (diameter less than 2,5 μm) and coarse particles (diameter less than 10 μm), taken at Puszcza Borecka Integrated Monitoring Station (owned by Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute). The difference between fine and coarse fraction composition has been investigated, showing the main components for each of them. Chemical composition was brought together with air masses direction and the authors tried to show PM origin sources.

Krzysztof Jarzyna

THERMAL STRESS DIVERSITY DURING HEAT WAVES IN THE KIELECKA UPLAND IN THE BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY
[ZRÓŻNICOWANIE STRESU GORĄCA NA WYŻYNIE KIELECKIEJ W CZASIE FAL UPAŁÓW NA POCZĄTKU XXI WIEKU]

Summary

The topic of a study was the diversity of the hot weather occurrence in the Kielce Upland, Central Poland, in the beginning of XXI century. Diversity of the thermal sensation of a man during heat waves was discussed too. The thermal sensation was estimated with use of the effective temperature (TE) which joins the influence of the air temperature and humidity together with wind speed on the man. Eight heat waves, defined as at least 3 consecutive days with tmax>30.0°C, has occurred in wide valleys and low plateaus of the Kielce Upland since the beginning of XXI century. This number was similar to values in adjacent regions. The longest heat wave registered in the Kielce lasted 12 days, since 18th till 29th July 2006. Heat waves were virtually absent atop the Świętokrzyskie Mts., the highest part of the Kielce Upland. The thermal stress was less intense there as compared to lower areas. However the thermal sensation class “very hot” could appear there during hot weather periods too as a consequence of higher air humidity and lower wind speed. The thermal stress was bigger in the Kielce’s downtown when compared to the city’s peripheries, especially in the evening and at night. It also appeared that biometeorological conditions could be less favourable in rooms without air conditioning than outdoors.

Małgorzata Anna Jóźwiak

MACROSCOPIC CHANGES OF HYPOGYMNIA PHYSODES (L.) NYL. IN ANTROPOGENIC STRESS CONDITIONS
[ZMIANY MAKROSKOPOWE PLECH HYPOGYMNIA PHYSODES (L.) Nyl. W WARUNKACH STRESU ANTROPOGENICZNEGO]

Summary

Apparatus monitoring allows estimation of physical and chemical parameters of examined biotopes. Toxin concentration noted by apparatus influences life in examined environment and its value. Bioindication methods supplement apparatus monitoring. They consist in singling out organisms known as biomanitors. They are sensitive to pollution and its presence allows analysis of relation in order: toxin emission rate – concentration in biotope – concentration in bioindicator. Taking everything into consideration, it seems right to supplement research with observation of type and speed of changes in bioindicators exposed to toxic substances biologically activate and answer the question: what are the symptoms of bioindicators’ reaction to environmental toxics? The research with the use of transplanted lichens was carried out in 2004–2007. The results of the research are based on microscopic analysis of 192 twigs with lichens transplanted in conurbation. Microscopic observation was conducted with the use of scanning microscope Nicon, and QUANTA 200. Additionally, microscopic pieces with damages and colour changes underwent chemical analysis with ED-XRF microanalyzer in scanning microscope carrying out chemical analysis of thalli inside. Macroscopic analysis of Hypogymnia physodes thalli after exposition in conditions of antropogenic stress allowed to single out colouring changes. These are: whitening, browing, blackening, blackening of thalli and changes in the thalli structure. We can observe: crumbling of rosette fragments as a result of necrosis, deforming as a result of bending and rolling parts of rosettes, discppearance of lip sorallia and coming off the surface as a result of rippling and drying up of thalli.

Rafał Kozłowski

INFLUENCE OF CEMENT-LIME INDUSTRY ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PRECIPITATION IN A „BIAŁE ZAGŁĘBIE” REGION
[WPŁYW PRZEMYSŁU CEMENTOWO-WAPIENNICZEGO NA WŁAŚCIWOŚCI FIZYCZNO-CHEMICZNE OPADÓW ATMOSFERYCZNYCH NA TERENIE „BIAŁEGO ZAGŁĘBIA”]

Summary
This paper presents the impact of cement-lime industry on the physico-chemical properties of precipitation. Were selected the area of “Białe Zagłębie”, where operate 4 cement-lime plants and Geoecological Station. The study was conducted in forest ecosystem and analyzed the precipitation transformation within the crowns and trunks of trees in the period 2002–2011. It was found that the maximum dust emission from cement-lime plants occurred in 2003, it was 898,7 Mg. The study showed, that emissions of dust into the atmosphere decrease in the last 10 years, but the industry still affects the natural environment of this area, as evidenced by the high value of pH in rainwater. The weighted average annual pH value on precipitation was 5,35, with annual fluctuations from 4,94 to 6,02. Significantly higher pH values were observed in the troughfall, in the hornbeam-beech stand this value was 6,16 and 5,93 in the pine stand.

Rafał Kozłowski, Krzysztof Jarzyna, Marek Jóźwiak, Mirosław Szwed

INFLUENCE OF CEMENT-LIME INDUSTRY ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW COVER IN A „BIAŁE ZAGŁĘBIE” REGION IN FEBRUARY 2012
[WPŁYW PRZEMYSŁU CEMENTOWO-WAPIENNICZEGO NA WŁAŚCIWOŚCI FIZYCZNO-CHEMICZNE I CHEMICZNE POKRYWY ŚNIEŻNEJ NA TERENIE „BIAŁEGO ZAGŁĘBIA” W LUTYM 2012 ROKU]

Summary

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of cement and lime industry, the quality of the snow cover within Białe Zagłębie in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Analyzed the meteorological and orographic conditions which determine the keep of snow cover during the winter 2012 and identified emission sources and determining the chemical properties water obtained from melted snow collected in the field. Laboratory tests were carried out using a gas chromatograph ion DIONEX ICS-300 multiparameter meter CX-701 and ORIGIN 8.6 and STATISTICA and 10.0. software. The obtained results allow to a large extent determine the role of snow cover as an indicator of air pollution in an area with significant industrial anthropogenic, indicating the serial nature of additional factors that determine its size.

Tomasz Lenard, Wojciech Ejankowski

FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING IN LAKE TROPHY ESTIMATION BASED ON TSI INDICES
[CZĘSTOŚĆ POMIARÓW W OCENIE TROFII ZBIORNIKA WODNEGO NA PODSTAWIE INDEKSÓW TSI]

Streszczenie

Zmienność elementów biologicznych i parametrów chemicznych w ciągu roku i między latami mogą wpływać negatywnie na dokładność oceny jakości stanu troficznego jeziora. Celem pracy było określenie częstości pobierania prób niezbędnej do prawidłowej oceny stanu zbiornika wodnego z wykorzystaniem wskaźników stanu troficznego wg Carlsona (TSI). Wskaźniki TSI obliczane były z wykorzystaniem stężenia chlorofilu-a, przezroczystości wody oraz stężenia fosforu i azotu ogólnego. W pracy testowano kilka opcji częstości i terminów zbioru danych. Wyniki wskazują, że zbiór danych w ciągu dwóch lat, w przeciwieństwie do okresu jednego roku, zapewniał adekwatną ocenę trofii jeziora. Najbardziej efektywny dobór terminów w ocenie trofii zbiornika wodnego powinien uwzględniać przynajmniej dwuletni okres badań, nawet jeśli każdego roku próby pobierane są tylko raz.

Zdzisław Prządka, Anna Degórska, Krzysztof Skotak

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS AND PM10 AND METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE PUSZCZA BORECKA REGION IN THE YEARS 2005-2011
[ZALEŻNOŚĆ POMIĘDZY STĘŻENIAMI METALI CIĘŻKICH I PYŁU PM10 A PARAMETRAMI METEOROLOGICZNYMI W REJONIE PUSZCZY BORECKIEJ W LATACH 2005–2011 ]

Summary

The assessment of the impact chosen meteorological parameters on the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and it contains heavy metals at the level of regional background in North-Eastern Poland was the aim of research. Analysis of data based on the results of the measurements carried out on the Puszcza Borecka Station of Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute in the years 2005–2011. The calculated coefficients of determination are presented in terms of seasonal and annual basis. Presented analyzes showed that most factors contributing to the decrease in the PM10 concentration in the colder half of the year are growth of height and duration of precipitation and increase in wind speed. In the warm season, the intensity of the precipitation, the air temperature and the intensity of the solar radiation play most important rule. Effects of meteorological conditions on concentration of heavy metals is varied. Referring to the highest concentrations of metals (zinc, lead and arsenic), it can be concluded that in the colder half of the year the factors contributing most to their decrease concentrations are increase air temperature, increase irradiance and decrease relative humidity of the air. In the warm half of the year, the increase in intensity of solar radiation and precipitation, air temperature and decrease relative humidity air contributes the most to the decline concentration of most heavy metals contained in PM10 particulate matter. Effect of wind speed and air pressure on the concentration of heavy metals in PM10 proved to be the smallest.

Grażyna Szpikowska, Józef Szpikowski

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BEAVER WETLANDS WATER IN THE KŁUDA VALLEY
[WŁAŚCIWOŚCI FIZYKOCHEMICZNE WÓD ROZLEWISK BOBROWYCH W DOLINIE KŁUDY (GÓRNA PARSĘTA)]


Summary

Beavers settle entails various changes in the functioning of geoecosystems: hydrological (associated with the conditions of flow and drainage of water from the catchment and the conditions of retention), geomorphological, affecting the level of biodiversity and affecting the water quality. Research undertaken in the Kłuda catchment, a tributary of the upper Parsęta (Drawskie Lake), focused on knowledge of water chemistry within the beaver wetlands. The quality of these of waters compared with the chemistry of groundwater in the adjacent slope system and river water. It was changes in the oxygenation of groundwater and waters stagnant on the surface of beaver wetlands. Reducing conditions in the waters of beaver wetlands reduce the concentration of nitrate ions. The groundwater in the zones of beaver wetlands reduction of the concentration of sulphate ions and increase the concentration of ammonium ions and phosphate are observed. Beaver wetlands in the Kłuda catchment partially limit loads eutrophying components

EDUKACJA

Ewelina Kantowicz, Elżbieta Lonc

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STUDIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TWO DECADES (1992–2012)
[STUDIA NA KIERUNKU OCHRONA ŚRODOWISKA W PERSPEKTYWIE DWUDZIESTU LAT (1992–2012)]

Summary

Environmental protection studies as a new interdisciplinary field of study was registrated in the year 1991 but only in w 2011 year “environmental science” was recognized as separate domain in the biological, chemical and agricultural sciences. The first environmental science studies known in Poland as Ochrona Środowiska were formed at the university natural science faculties as 5 years courses. According to the Bologna Declaration they were next changed for 3+2 system at the universities as well as in the remaining no academic schools (colleges) public (PWSZ) and no public ones. In the second decade of XXI century this field of study provided by more than 60 higher education institutions in Poland is faced to new challenges connected with the reform of higher education system, the lack of formal ministry list of field of studies and adaptation to the National Qualification Framework (KRK) based on the nationally agreed standards of knowledge, skill and competence, i.e. what student is expected to know, understand and be able to do following successful completion of a process of learning in two profiles (academic and application ones). In history retrospective the most important events were characterized since the beginning of 90. of XX century when the diverse higher education institutions and staff was accompanied with different study programs showing the great spectra of research problems with regard to the environmental science. In the article the thematic programs of twenty national annual meetings named “environmental studies at the university nature faculties” was analyzed. Those conferences were organized by the Polish universities, ie.: Uniwersytet Wrocławski (1993, 2003), Uniwersytet Jagielloński (1994) together with PWSZ in Tarnów (2004); Uniwersytet Opolski (1995, 2007); Uniwersytet Warszawski (1996, 2006); Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza (1997 and Collegium Polonicum in Słubice, 2005);Uniwersytet Gdański (1998); Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej (1999); Uniwersytet im. Mikołaja Kopernika in Toruniu (2000); Uniwersytet Łódzki (2001);Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski (2002); Uniwersytet in Białystok (2008); Uniwersytet Zielonogórski (2009); Uniwersytet Śląski in Katowice (2010); Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie (2001); Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego in Kielce (2012). Conference proceedings concerned with the organization, management and learning concepts of environmental protection studies, their quality assurances and accredidation (UKA, PKA, international cooperation, mostly within such programs as the ESSENCE, AUDES, TEMPUS i ERASMUS-LLP, were discussed in the context of conclusions for future. They are connected with the questions of interdisciplinarity of environmental science learning changing from the diversified programs via minimal programs and tough standards towards qualification framework as well as with the research. Presence of “environmental science” as the distinct domain should enhance the third level of study. There is a urgent need the shaping of doctorate programs to the requirements of KRK as it was done in the case of graduate and undergraduate studies of environmental protection.