KONCEPCJE
Henryk Marszałek, Michał Rysiukiewicz
The scheme of water monitoring system in the Kamieńczyk River catchment in western part
of the Karkonosze National Park
[Projekt monitoringu środowiska wodnego w zlewni Kamieńczyka w zachodniej części
Karkonoskiego Parku Narodowego]
Summary
The paper presents the concept of surface- and groundwater
monitoring system in the Kamieńczyk catchment
located in the Karkonosze Mts. The monitoring system
has been worked out in order to control valuable western
part of the Karkonosze National Park because of
the ski infrastructure complex extention. It has been
characterized the aims of monitoring points net with
the range and frequency of measurements in terms of
water quantity and quality.
METODY
Anna Degórska, Urszula Białoskórska, Dorota Typiak-Nowak
Methodological aspects of precipitation sampling for heavy metals content investigation
[Metodyczne aspekty pobierania próbek opadów do oznaczania zawartości metali ciężkich]
Summary
The aim of the described experiment was testing of two
methods used for collecting precipitation samples at
the forest (throughfall and stemflow) for heavy metals
analyses. Comparison of data obtained using two methods – samples collectors made of glass and acidification
of the collected samples and polyethylene collectors
without acidification – has shown that the results are
much smaller when standard samples were analyzed
(standard samples – collected for main ions analyses).
It is particularly important in case of cadmium, lead and
zinc. This experiment has shown importance of proper
measurement method taking into account the aim of the
research, starting with samples collecting. Precipitation
samples for heavy metals analyses should be collected
by the collectors made of glass and after that should be
acidified in order to avoid loss of the components that
are subject of the investigations.
WYNIKI
Barbara Cisowska, Grażyna Suchanek, Marian Kargol
The dependence of root pressure on hydraulic conductivity of radial root water pathways according
to the root model as a porous membrane
[Zależność ciśnienia korzeniowego od przewodności hydraulicznej radialnych korzeniowych szlaków
wodnych wedle modelu korzenia jako membrany porowatej]
Summary
In the present work a root model as an osmometer containing
porous membrane are proposed.
Radial water and solute transport across root (from
medium to a xylem vessels) has been described by the
mechanistic equations by Kargol and Kargol (Kargol,
2001, 2007; Kargol, Kargol, 2003a; 2003b; Suchanek,
2005).
The model can distinguish two main water pathways
of the root (i.e. "from cell to cell" route and apoplastic
route) and enables it to estimate (quantitatively)
values of water volume flows (Jva i Jvb) and solute flow
(js) across both of them. It also anticipate how was
a change influence hydraulic conductivity of pathways
on total root transport (especially, how it influences on
the transport parameters, defined above).
Analysing the model one can proved that filtration coefficient
Lpa of "cell to cell" pathway influences (first of
all) on a value of total reflection coefficient (r) (that is
to say, on selectivity of root), since a change of coefficient
Lpb of apoplastic pathway change concentration of
solute in xylem sap too, so on value of root pressure Pro.
The model can estimate the filtration coefficients Lpa
and Lpb of individual root transport pathways, if transport
parameters Pro, , Lpr, r, ωr (which are defined
for total root) are known. The values of such parameters
are easy of access in literature (Katchalsky, Curran,
1965; Kedem, Katchalsky, 1958; Steudle, 1990; 1992;
Steudle i in., 1983; 1987; 1989; 1993) Expectations of
the model was verified on a base of experimental data
from work by E. Steudle and cooperatives, where hydraulic
conductivity of apoplastic route was increased
by creation of artificial pores using microcapillary.
Changes of parameters Pro, , , resulting from this
modification turned out to be consistent with model expectations.
Also constant value of root filtration coefficient
Lpr before and after modification is consistent
with the model, if we assume that an puncturing of root
increases of coefficient Lpb of apoplastic pathway and
decreases of coefficient Lpa of "cell to cell" pathway
because part of cortex and endodermis cells are destroyed.
On a base of this model a change of hydraulic
conductivity (Lpb) of apoplastic pathway coming
from described modification was estimated. Results of
calculations are mentioned in table 2.
According to (mechanistic) root model presented here,
coefficients Lpa i Lpb of appropriate root water routes
(so total coefficient r) are different for different species,
and they depend on geometrical dimensions of
solute particles transported passively from medium to
xylem and in opposite direction.
In such a context, results of our work can be useful in
studies of absorbing and transporting across the root
systems of species (size particles of which are known)
polluting the soil.
Ewa Jachniak, Janusz Leszek Kozak
Planktonic algae – bioindycators of the eutrophication level of two dam reservoirs:
Wapienica and Kozłowa Góra
[Glony planktonowe – bioindykatory poziomu zeutrofizowania dwóch zbiorników zaporowych:
Wapienicy i Kozłowej Góry]
Summary
In this publication the qualitative structure of planktonic
algae was presented. These planktonic algae spread
out in two separate dam reservoirs: Wapienica and
Kozłowa Góra. There was also presented the biomass
largeness of phytoplankton. The estimate of eutrophication
was performed by taking into consideration of
the indicator taxons; there was used the classification
proposing by Heinonen (1980), too. This classification
considers the biomass largeness of phytoplankton. The
typical taxons for oligotrophic water were observed in
the samples of water taking from the reservoir of Wapienica,
however the typical taxons for eutrophic water
occured in the samples of water taking from the reservoir
of Kozłowa Góra. The examinations concerning
the average biomass of phytoplankton allowed classification
the reservoir of Wapienica to oligo-/mesotrophic
reservoirs, but the reservoir of Kozłowa Góra to hipertrophic
reservoirs.
Małgorzata Anna Jóźwiak, Bartosz Jachymczyk
The role of natural barriers in the spread of transport pollution from the emission line
[Rola naturalnych zapór w rozprzestrzenianiu się zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych pochodzących
z emisji liniowej]
Summary
The transport routes are filled with greenery in order
to increase the attractiveness of the landscape, use of
natural trees and shrubs for the exchange of air masses,
mute noise, retention of rainwater and protection
against exhaust and automotive pollution. In many
situations, expressways run through, located on both
sides of the roadway, natural forests complexes. The
intensity of operating routes is very high, resulting in
increased emissions of pollutants from complete and
incomplete combustion of petroleum fuels and the friction
of tires on asphalt road surface. These pollutants
are: sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), tetraethyl lead,
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs),
PAHs, aldehydes, dioxins, particulates, heavy metals,
including chromium, cadmium, lead. The aim of the
study is to demonstrate the role of trees growing along
the expressways as a natural barrier to the spread of
pollutants from the emission line. In the method bioindicator
Hypogymnia phosodes – lichen indicator was
used, which was transplanted at the designated points
of research.
Małgorzata Kijowska
Genesis and floods course in the flysch Bystrzanka catchment in the period 1995–2009
[Geneza i przebieg wezbrań we fliszowej zlewni Bystrzanki w latach 1995–2009]
Summary
Floods in small streams are the subject of numerous
publications, especially in recent years, when marked
the increase extreme meteorological and hydrological
risk. The size of the floods is related mainly with weather
conditions, especially with the precipitation and
the other elements e.g. the period prior the floods, the
state of the catchment retention, the manner and condition
of the vegetation cover, the catchment parameters
and in the winter: the water content in snow or depth of
the soil freeze. Studies on the genesis and floods course
were conducted in the flysch Bystrzanka catchment in
the period 1995–2009. The catchment location makes
two relief types to interweave. These are the relief of
the Carpathian Foothills and of the Beskidy Mts., controlled
by geologic structures and tectonics.
The predominate type of the floods in the catchment
are normal floods inducted by rainfall. The discharge
with the high water level represent mean 7% of the hydrological
year, are short (3,2 day) with one discharge
wave, usually single. Floods which occur in the winter
half year have a longer duration. It is related with the
way of water supply to the main stream by the slowly
snowmelt from the different and asymmetric part of
the catchment. The discharge which are notice in the
Bystrzanka stream are typical of the Eastern Macroregion – with the runoff predominance in the winter half
year (November–April) (54%). The discharge coefficient
show the complex regime, snow-rain. Analyzed
period (1995–2009) in terms of the genesis, the number
of floods, course, is typical in comparison to the other
small stream but well reflects the environment transient
from west to east and from Carpathian Foothills
to Beskidy Mts.
Andrzej Kostrzewski, Józef Szpikowski, Grażyna Szpikowska
Geoecosystems Polish state – an assessment based on selected geoindicators
in the Integrated Monitoring of the Natural Environment programme
[Stan geoekosystemów Polski – ocena na podstawie wybranych geowskaźników w programie
Zintegrowanego Monitoringu Środowiska Przyrodniczego]
Summary
Assessment of current status, trends, threats and protection
of the geographical environment is the primary purpose
of research carried out since 1994 under the Integrated
Monitoring of the Natural Environment. Quantitative
and qualitative geoindicators, compiled on the basis of
stockpiled IMNE database, allow for a fuller and more comprehensive assessment of the Polish geoecosystems.
In the hydrological year 2010 the IMNE research program
was conducted in eight Base Stations representing different
landscape zones Polish, subjected to varying degrees
of changes of natural and anthropogenic pressures.
The year 2010, like the previous one, was a favorable
period for delivery of water to the environment, which
consequently led to the reconstruction of disturbed water
retention deficient rainfall in 2002–2006. Applied
geoindicators confirm a number of significant changes
geoecosystems improvement: reducing pollution and increasing
the pH in precipitation and a decrease in sulphate
concentrations in rain waters, groundwater and surface
water. Present in the atmosphere nitrogen oxides increase
their participation in the acidification of precipitation by
decreasing the role of sulfur dioxide. Still remain the
problem of nitrogen compounds in groundwater in agricultural
areas, which remained after the period of intensive
fertilization, and whose removal from geoecosystem
may be extended for many years. Weak trends indicating
decrease of nitrogen concentrations in groundwater and
surface water may mean that they are potentially a risk
of eutrophication of waters in the studied geoecosystems.
The presented results of a proposal to develop a quantitative
methodological observed landscape changes based
on long observational series obtained in IMNE. The obtained
results have theoretical and practical significance
for the study of planning and decision-making at different
levels of environmental management.
Rafał Kozłowski
The comparisation of wet and bulk deposition in central part of Holy Cross Mountains
[Porównanie wielkości depozycji mokrej i całkowitej w centralnej części Gór Świętokrzyskich]
Summary
The physico-chemical properties as well as the chemism
of atmospheric precipitation affected by the pollution
of atmospheric air are among the major elements
which influence present-day degradation of the natural
environment. It is a fact that water, apart from acting
as a partner for physical reactions, is also a carrier of
anthropogenic transformation of the natural environment.
The present study offers a quantitative analysis
of results of wet and total deposition in the years 2008-
2009. To this end, the Eigenbrodt UNS 130 E automatic
collector of wet precipitation and the Hellmann
rain gauge have been used. The conducted analysis has
shown significant discrepancies both in the physicochemical
properties and the chemical composition of
wet and total precipitation waters.
Rafał Kozłowski, Edyta Adwent
Spatial variability of selected physico-chemical soil properties
in the central part of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains
[Przestrzenna zmienność wybranych właściwości fizyczno-chemicznych gleb w centralnej części
Gór Świętokrzyskich]
Summary
In the present study, the results of research into the
problem of soil acidification, conducted in the central Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains geoecosystem,
have been discussed. Field research conducted in the
area of the Natural Environment Integrated Monitoring
Base Station at Święty Krzyż covered the top mineral
horizon (0–10 cm) of rusty podsolic precipitation-andgley
soil. Basing on laboratory research which covered
measurements of pH in H2O and KCl, as well as Hh and
Hw, it may be concluded that in the geoecosystem at issue
a distinct differentiation of the horizon occurs. The
spatial distribution of exchange and hydrolytic acidity,
as well as soil reaction, forms a specific micromosaic
around tree trunks.
The statistical testing analyses, conducted by means
of the Mann-Whitney U test, have shown considerable
statistical differences in pH and Hw values depending
on tree trunk and species. It has been found that the
acidified stemflow which runs down tree trunks most
strongly affects the measured quantities within the distance
of up to 50 cm.
Tomasz Kwiatkowski, Maria Żygadło
Analysis of the state of municipal waste landfills
in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship in terms of ecological review
[Analiza stanu składowisk odpadów komunalnych w województwie świętokrzyskim
w świetle wyników przeglądu ekologicznego]
Summary
In Świętokrzyskie voivodship a total of 50 municipal
landfills are located. In 2010 only 15 active municipal
landfill were in operation. The total area operated landfills
is approximately 40 hectares. The voivodship has continued
the process of closing landfills, which do not meet
the technical requirements, or their capacity has been
exhausted. Administrative actions focused on objects
(Tab. 2) contributed to their proper functioning. All landfill
sites destined to be modernized in term 2005–2009 have
been upgraded with the exception of landfill "Staszów".
These activities have also contributed indirectly to extend
the service life of landfills. With the adjustment to the
requirements of landfill regulations the negative impact
on the environment will be minimized. The analysis
of the active capacity of municipal waste landfills in operation
shows that in Świętokrzyskie remained only about
3 230 920.64 m3 of free landfill capacity (as of 31.12.2009),
which will ensure that the needs of the region only about
11-year period of operation. For the landfill "Staszów" fall the half of the capacity. The spoken landfill until
31.12.2010 was not adapted to the requirements of law,
while it is in the process of adjustment (has a valid
building permit). In the case of the closure of that landfill
the remaining free capacity of total number of landfills
ability to receive municipal waste in the region will
decrease by approximately 50%. In addition, the landfills
destinated for modernization, namely: Klępie
Dolne, Wola Jastrzębska, Słupcza, Bugaj, Grabowiec,
Wyszyna Machorowska, Radoszyce, Fałków,
Marcinków were closed.
With regard to the closed municipal landfill in Świętokrzyskie, the process of rehabilitation, is very
slowly which may serve over the years a serious threat
to the environment. This particularly concerns the objects,
which are located in areas threatened by flood.
Azimbay Otarov, Bogusław Wiłkomirski
Migration and distribution of lead and cadmium in the profile of the main soil reclamation groups
in Akdala irrigation area
[Migracja i rozprzestrzenienie ołowiu i kadmu w profilach dwóch zasadniczych grup rekultywowanych
gleb z nawadnianych terenów obszaru Akdala]
Streszczenie
Negatywny wpływ metali ciężkich na poszczególne
elementy agrocenoz na terenach rolniczych zależy
głównie od właściwości gleb, szczególnie tych, które
wpływają na mobilność i zdolność migracji tych
pierwiastków. Badanie i zależności kierujące migracją metali ciężkich mają duże znaczenie poznawcze
i praktyczne. Poprzednie badania gleb w rejonie Akdala
określiły cztery grupy rekultywacyjne gleb, spośród
których dwie mają istotne znaczenie. Grupę pierwszą stanowią gleby słabo zasolone o lekkim składzie mechanicznym,
położone w korycie i starorzeczach rzeki
Ili, na których możliwe jest prowadzenie upraw bez
uprzedniego przeprowadzenia zabiegów rekultywacyjnych.
Druga grupa obejmuje silniej zasolone gleby
o ciężkim składzie mechanicznym położone w depresjach
między kanałami, które wymagają nawadniania
i polepszenia struktury przed rozpoczęciem upraw.
W obrębie gleb należących do tych dwóch grup wybrano
reprezentatywne powierzchnie badawcze, na
których wykonano 32 profile glebowe, z których pobrano
148 prób w celu identyfikacji poziomu kadmu
i ołowiu i określenia podstawowych cech glebowych.
Dla celów porównawczych i ewentualnego określenia
wpływu antropogenicznego badano analogiczne próby
gleb użytkowanych rolniczo i nieużytkowanych. Metale
ciężkie oznaczano metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrii
atomowej. W profilach gleb z pierwszej grupy zarówno
użytkowanych rolniczo, jak i nieużytkowanych,
poziom ołowiu wykazywał cechy rozkładu eluwialnoiluwialnego,
co oznaczało usuwanie tego pierwiastka
z poziomu eluwialnego (warstwy ornej) i akumulowanie
w warstwie niższej – iluwialnej. Warstwa ta stanowi
barierę do dalszej migracji ołowiu. W profilach
gleb drugiej grupy zaobserwowano akumulacyjny typ
rozkładu poziomu ołowiu. W profilach wszystkich badanych
gleb kadm lokuje się zgodnie z akumulacyjnym
typem dystrybucji, w którym obserwuje się poziom
nagromadzania się tego pierwiastka, a geochemiczna
bariera migracji charakteryzuje się stosunkowo wysoką zawartością humusu. Zauważono również, że gleby
obu grup użytkowane rolniczo zawierają wyższe
stężenia obu badanych metali niż ich nieużytkowane
analogi.
Unida Sharafutdinova, Uktam Toyirov, Bachtior Salakhutdinov,
Anisa Tashmukhamedova, Ulugbek Mirkhodjaev
Complexation characteristics of membrane-active crown-ether
[Charakterystyka kompleksowania błono-aktywnych eterów koronowych]
Streszczenie
Etery koronowe stanowią dużą grupę błonowo-aktywnych
związków organicznych, które są intensywnie badane
ze względu na swoją aktywność kompleksującą,
jonoforową i możliwość tworzenia kanałów jonowych.
Niniejszy artykuł opisuje możliwe oddziaływania między
sulfopochodnymi DB18C6 z jonami K+, Na+, Ca2+
w roztworach wodnych i alkoholowych, badane metodami
konduktometrycznymi. Analiza oddziaływań termodynamicznych
wykazała, że proces oddziaływania
eterów koronowych z jonami jedno- i dwuwartościowymi
przebiega spontanicznie. Oddziaływania te polegają na tworzeniu wiązań jonowych między jonami
zdysocjowanych soli z naładowanymi rejonami eterów
koronowych. Wyniki otrzymane dla sulfopochodnych
DB18C6 nie wykazały możliwości tworzenia stabilnych
oddziaływań z jonami jedno- i dwuwartościowymi
ani w roztworach wodnych, ani alkoholowych.
Pozwala to na wyciągnięcie wniosku dotyczącego
niejonoforowego charakteru badanych związków i potwierdza
sugestię dotyczącą ich zdolności do zmiany
przepuszczalności błon w wyniku tworzenia struktur
transportujących jony.
Inobat Shirinova
The influence of catacyn and benzonal on Ca2+ accumulating capacity of liver mitochondria
in rats intoxicated with the venom of Naja oxiana Eichwald
[Wpływ katacyny i benzonalu na zdolność akumulacyjną mitochondriów wątroby szczurów
po podaniu jadu kobry środkowoazjatyckiej (Naja oxiana Eichwald)]
Streszczenie
Praca przedstawia wpływ benzonalu i katacyny (substancji
wykazujących efekt antyhipoksyjny) na transport
wapnia w mitochondriach komórek wątroby
u szczurów, którym podawano jad kobry środkowoazjatyckiej
i u zwierząt kontrolnych. Szczury o przeciętnej
masie 200–300 g zostały podzielone na cztery
grupy. Zwierzętom z grup 1, 2 i 4 wstrzykiwano domięśniowo
jad kobry w ilości 160 g kg-1 wagi ciała.
Po dwóch minutach szczurom z grupy 2 i 3 podawano
benzonal lub katacynę w ilości 50 mg kg-1 wagi ciała.
Czwartej grupie podawano roztwór soli fizjologicznej.
Zwierzęta uśmiercano 15 minut po podaniu jadu. Badania
wykazały, że po podaniu benzonalu i katacyny
zmniejszała się zdolność akumulacyjna mitochondriów
wątroby w stosunku do jonów Ca2+, odpowiednio
o 32,4 i 26,8%. Spadek ten powodowany przez wyżej
wymienione substancje był związany albo z hamowaniem
funkcji absorpcyjnej mitochondriów w stosunku
do jonów wapnia, albo przez zwiększenie zawartości
glikoprotein po wpływem benzonalu i kataryny, które
specyficznie absorbowały Ca2+, lub w wyniku aktywacji
przez receptor ryanodinowy. Uzyskane wyniki sugerowały
hamowanie transferu Ca2+ do mitochondriów
przez benzonal i katacynę. Wykazano, że jad kobry środkowoazjatyckiej zwiększa przyswajanie jonów
wapnia w mitochondriach wątroby szczurów o 68,6%.
Przy udziale benzonalu i katacyny wzrost ten wynosi
odpowiednio, 17,4 i 20,4%. Oznacza to, ze benzonal
i katacyna redukują zdolność akumulacyjną mitochondriów
w stosunku do jonów wapnia, co wskazuje na
niemal całkowitą redukcję ujemnego wpływu jadu
N. oxiana w tym aspekcie.
Łukasz Wiejaczka, Małgorzata Kijowska
Changes in the position of the Carphatian rivers bed in the light of low water levels analysis
[Zmiany położenia dna koryt rzek karpackich w świetle analizy stanów niskich]
Summary
This paper presents an analysis of changes in the position
of channels bottom level of the Carpathian rivers,
located within the Low Beskid (Ropa, Zdynia and
Przysłup). The dynamic of channels bottom level position
of examined levels based on hydrological data of
daily water levels, recorded in the gage sections, which
are a hydrological warp of the Klimkowka reservoir.
In the study used data from the period 1995–2010.
Results of analysis showed that the dominant process
in considered watercourses is dredging. An important
process in the case of some rivers, occur periodically
increasing the level of the channel bottom, caused by
natural and anthropogenic factors. The results also confirm
the usefulness of hydrological data in the study of
changes in the position of river channels bottom.
EDUKACJA
Maciej Jóźwiak
Environmental fee – legal obligation or conscious duty
[Opłata za korzystanie ze środowiska – przymus prawny czy świadoma powinność]
Summary
Payment of fees for use of the environment, by their
nature similar to taxes, is the responsibility of each
person whose action may impact on the environment.
There is a list of enumerated exemptions, but it should
be – in principle – assumed, that everyone who uses
the environment should be aware of its duty, properly
calculate a fee and pay it in accordance with the statutory
requirements. Penalty for lack of payment can be
imposed by the competent authority of the government
administrative. The penalty is independent of the obligation
to pay the overdue fee. The liable person however
has a right to appeal against a decision imposing
such penalties. |
